An important backdrop is the ”Nordic model of welfare”: We assume that welfare generosity decreases the speed of spatial integration. The study uses non-Western immigrants as a target group and natives as a reference group. The results show, in all cities, a lack of aggregate upward mobility in the spatial hierarchy. Deviant outcomes, particularly in Helsinki, are explained by immigration history and housing market structure.
Authors: Wessel, Andersson, Kauppinen, Skifter Andersen